Chose one argument and write about it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Picked one contention and expound on it - Essay Example The subsequent reason is that pioneers are irreversibly harsh since in any event, when they commit errors in judgment that would be believed to have the contrary impact of advantaging the feeble; they are not in fact pioneers since as a specialist a pioneer is reliable along these lines when they fail they are not really pioneers. He along these lines fights that as the case is in all urban communities, it is viewed as just to comply with the guidelines, reflectively made by the solid to be trailed by the powerless and this is at last invaluable to the law’s creators. It is now that most proponents’ contentions will withdraw and the focal point of this paper will be to basically consider their contentions cross-referencing them against Thrasymuchs beginning contention and use issues with them to demonstrate it was wrong. First Proponent’s Arguments; Leaders Universally Make Oppressive Rules on a superficial level, defenders may propose 2 contentions, with regards to the main reason by Thrasymuchs, (a) they will guarantee that pioneers in the public eye are accountable for making rules and as such they will probably utilize their capacity to make just principles that advantage them and this will convert into abusing the powerless for the good of their own (b). The most joyful and best individuals in the public eye are the solid and regularly the pioneers; they accomplish their bliss and status through unreasonable methods. Prior to undertaking to censure them, one should initially look at the more profound issues that emerge from these point of view; they will contend that since the solid make rules. It deciphers naturally that they are make decides that best serve their inclinations; they can rebuff the individuals who go amiss from their laws and by methods for laws reprocess or redistribute property for the sake of equity. In view of this, they will guarantee that since Thrasymuchs accepted just a simpleton would utilize capacity to their own impediment, the presence of equity in a general public was indivisible from the abuse of the frail by the solid (Barney). A second reason on which support for the underlying case is based is the way that in many urban areas, the most joyful and the most grounded are frequently unjustifiable. In this manner, for one to be solid in any network they need to exploit others and as indicated by Thrasymuchs, the low are consistently more joyful and more remarkable than the fair. As such for the solid to be solid, it is on the grounds that they followed an out of line course and they needs should stay uncalled for to the feeble by utilizing equity to misuse them and accordingly defend and keep up their shamefully gained places of intensity. Issue with First Proponent’s Argument If these contentions were to be sure evident, at that point it would be unequivocal approval for the contention made by Thrasymuchs since they are very critical and sensible. In any case in the event that one leaves from a thankful and accept a basic perspective, these contentions won't remain under intelligent examination. For one, the hidden suspicion here is that the â€Å"strong† are compatible with pioneers, in any case, this isn't generally the situation since in the public eye, the solid, which for this situation we accept delineates the well off and compelling don't generally have places of intensity. While this contention may work in a fascism, in a vote based states pioneers are chosen by the basic greater part and their staying in power is frequently dictated by the amount they penance their own advantages for the feeble (Read

French new wave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French new wave - Essay Example This paper will investigate a specific development in it which is called French New Wave. One would beyond a shadow of a doubt that after the World War II the film in France was encountering restoration. In fact, 1950’s and 1960’s were the decades when capable bearings were attempting to develop their own one of a kind vision of the world and pass on it with the assistance of their movies. From the start general society just as the pundits didn't acknowledge this novel methodology in a positive manner, believing it to be crude, ludicrous and totally deficient with regards to any feel. Be that as it may, after some time the strong new vision of the film makes was commended and acknowledged. All things considered, the decrease of enthusiasm toward French New Wave rose in 1980’s with new social predominant showing up in the worldwide aesthetic condition. Considering the improvement of the previously mentioned development, one can not resist seeing that it has been to a great extent impacted by the American noir films just as the executives who made them. As it were, it isn't the standard Hollywood motion pictures that molded their perspective, but instead those motion pictures which were made by evident experts of their exchange (Kaplan 2009, p. 56). Without a doubt, the French executives needed their motion pictures to have structure and feel that would be trademark to one chief just, making the world which can not be mistaken for crafted by another person. It is very clear that the investigation of French New Wave may not be finished without assessment of its formal and account styles. Talking about the previous, it must be noticed that the executives tried different things with new methods of altering and attempted to introduce their motion pictures in an unordinary way. For instance, following shots or bounce slices were as often as possible used to show the discontinuity of the portrayal (Marie 2003, p. 43). Long shots were utilized essentially to arrange the visual condition and present the crowd with a superior comprehension of the general circumstances. Another point that ought to be

Add A sleek Subscription Widget Below Blogger Header

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Market Communities The Social Life Of ( Not ) - 1420 Words

MARKET COMMUNITIES: THE SOCIAL LIFE OF (NOT SO) FICTITIOUS COMMODITIES Economic survival through competition in labor marketplaces pits jornaleros against one another, undermining yet not destroying other sources of solidarity. Market competition is the first mechanism in the production of individualized subjects under conditions that otherwise suggest collective solidarity. To the extent that livelihood depends upon a competition, a community of jornaleros becomes impossible. Yet, to the extent that labor is a â€Å"fictitious commodity† (Polanyi 2001), day laborers fulfill in this market-place a number of necessities that make their precarious lives tolerable and even enjoyable. Hanging Out Together, Surviving on your own. Vicente, a former union leader in his country of origin, never opens his mouth at the center. A socialist minded, mild-mannered and qualified truck mechanic, he became unable to perform his trade after a severe injury in his lower back. Although he had a chance to recover his job after recuperating from his surgery, he became unable to lift heavy weights. He thus was fired soon after. Vicente is currently in his late fifties and lives in a shelter with no realistic hope to improve his situation in the U.S. He could go back to his country, where his wife has a job and a house, but a deep shame of returning home with nothing prevents him from making that decision. In the hallway outside the center, he reflects on the failure of day labor organization, spellingShow MoreRelatedSocial Groups of the Upper and Lower Classes of Hanoi Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: In the essay the discussion will be based on the social groups of the upper class and the lower class in the city of Hanoi in Vietnam and how the social groups have different meanings and values to the urban places.in the last thirty years Hanoi has developed from one of the poorest county in Asia and is now thriving amongst the richest countries and the population has grown dramatically ‘overnight expansion of the city’s population from approximately 3.5 to 6.23 million inhabitants’Read MoreAnalysis Of Ford s Value Chain Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"materiality analysis† (Corporateford.com., 2014, October 5). The value chain provides for Ford a road map for the identification of key impacts, stakeholders, stages of importance, and the value created which have a multinational effect impacting social, economic, and environmental factors (Corporateford.com., 2014, October 5). First is the Ford product planning and design stage of the value chain, whic h identifies key issues and impacts such as environmental regulatory factors, strategy, and sustainabilityRead MoreFactors Affecting Consumer Behavior Of Consumers1294 Words   |  6 Pageswants its products occupy the target market, they have an understanding of the factors affecting the buying behavior of consumers in that market. According to Philip Kotler, there are many factors that influence the purchasing behavior of consumers, however, they were divided into 4 groups: Factors affecting consumer behavior A. The cultural elements 1. The culture: the first factor is that entrepreneurs need to consider when you want to penetrate a market is defined earlier as it is fundamentalRead MoreEssay on Corporate Social Responsibility1417 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Business Wire (2011), corporate social responsibility refers to organizations embracing responsibility for their actions and participating in activities that bring positive impacts to the environment, in which they operate, the consumers, employees, communities, general members of the public and all the stake holders. It involves proactively promoting the public stakeholder interests, and eliminating any practices that may harm the public. The decision maker puts into considerationRead Moresocial media1334 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How Social Medias and Modern Technology Have Affected Today’s World? Advertising Strategy How social Medias and modern technology have affected today’s world? I) The 90’s, a new communication way is born (1990-2001) a) Internet and the firsts social medias (1990-1997) b) The expansion of the market (1997-2001) jlb II) Web 2.0: a new influence for social medias (2002-2010) a) The booming market b) A new kind of addiction III) Social media: a revolutionary marketing tool a) Companies andRead MoreMax Weber s Theory Of Power897 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual who†¦ CONCEPT OF POWER The concept of power is not something that can be easily defined, as there have been recent outpourings of case studies on community power. Sociological researchers have consistently discovered that power is highly centralized, while political science scholars have also regularly concluded that in their communities, power is widely diffused (P. Bachrach and M. Baratz, 1962, pg. 947). Bachrach and Baratz also state that there are two faces of power: the elitist approachRead MoreKarl Polanyi, Max Weber And Robert Heilbroner1540 Words   |  7 Pageseach influencing the other. Material conditions determine an individual’s way of life, the wages they collect, and how such earnings determine social class. It is through ideological conditions that ideas derive, which give birth to the ways civilization behaves and operates. This paper will look at a series of theoretical works by Karl Polanyi, James Rinehart, Max Weber, and Robert Heilbroner, deliberating the market society and its progression in relation to the material and ideological conditionsRead MoreThe Role of Community in Society Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Community in Society Communities are an essential part of our society, because we all depend and interact with each other. Communities are groups of people that help an individual to learn and develop new ideas. A society is where people’s relations with each other are direct and personal and where a complex web of ties link people in mutual bonds of emotion and obligation. The idea of community has provided a modelRead MoreEssay about Summary - Weber - Class, Status, Party851 Words   |  4 Pagespresents Weber’s argument regarding social stratification in contrast to Marx’s. In his discussion of his theory of social stratification, he outlines three ways in which society is divided: by class (economically), status (socially) and by party (ideologically). He argues that the individual identity is not determined by the class identity, and that status and party identities often cross class divisions. The article begins by detailing the human desire for social power and how, through class,Read MoreYingshi Qiao. Professor Don Stanley. Engl 1101, Assignment1067 Words   |  5 Pages a social and psychological problem. Dislocation caused by the free market society and the pressure from family can lead to addiction. To begin with, people who refuse to contribute to the free market society will become dislocated from the society and eventually develop addiction. In a free market, everyone is required to act as an economic contributor regardless of his personal goals, religion, family obligations. It is extremely difficult for people who refuse to work for the free market economy

Essay on Creative Writing The Story of Angel - 943 Words

Some time ago there was an 18 year old girl named Angel, who possessed many talents that were not known to human beings. She had the talent to control everything with her brain as well as her physical being. But like any other gifted kid she was oblivious of her talents. Her mother ,Teresa, however knew all about her but had passed away when Angel was only three years of age. Angel had then moved in with her uncle and was destined to never know who she was until the day came when all was suddenly shown. October 11th 2012, in the city of Fremont, a teenage mother went into an impossible labor in which her baby was not able to survive. The baby girl was announced dead shortly after being delivered. Teresa, the sixteen year old mother had a†¦show more content†¦Angel with all her hopelessness to save her uncle did exactly what the woman had demanded; she left without saying a word to anyone. One week had gone by since the accident. Angel was on her own living in a house for the homeless with no help and no guidance from anyone. She was on her own and whenever she needed time to think, she went to the park. Defenseless and powerless was how Angel felt until she met Harry, a mysterious boy who was steadfast to help her. Stephen was a gifted kid as well as Angel but unlike her he was known of his abilities. Harry was walking around very carelessly. He seemed normal and happy. Harry was alone and carried a backpack with a lot of items in it. He had his bike along his side and his notebook on the other side. Angel noticed him, but wasnt so worried about him. She was thinking of asking for help since he was the only one known around her. Just her luck, as he walked along Angel had caught his eye. I know you... you are just like me, youre gifted, I can see it in you. Gifted? What are you talking about? said Angel. You and I, we are gifted which means we were born with special powers that make us outside of the human kind, I guess. said Harry. Angel could not be lieve anything that Harry was saying to her. It took a lot of time for her to finally grasp that she was gifted with powers, a child with unknown abilities yet to be detected. Harry had left and Angel was on her own. The last time Angel had seen HarryShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Writing My Life Story986 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruct our very own â€Å"life story† sent me into a frenzy. However, I slowly began to think about whether I would write something based on my own experiences or the experiences of a fictional character considering it was my first time writing a story about my life or someone else for that matter. Writing about my life experiences or the emotions that come along with such experiences was never something that I fancy. To my surprise, I eventually choose to write my own life story with a figurative twistRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And Professions For Women1012 Words   |  5 Pagesduties as a wife and mother in private while a man s sphere is th e one of the public domain. In The Yellow Wallpaper a woman is diagnosed with nervous depression after the birth of her baby and put on a rest cure. She spends the entirity of the story in a bedroom of a house her husbad had rented out for their summer vacation. Being locked in her bedroom causes her to have a mental breakdown. Gilman had written The Yellow Wallpaper to describe her own experience with depression and the rest cureRead MoreComparing Dr. Faustus And Marlowe And Mamet983 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of Faust has inspired creative works for hundreds of years. The myth features an ambitious and intelligent man, usually a scholar, who desires more than his current situation can offer him and so makes a dangerous pact with the devil. Interpretations of this story range from classical music and opera to paintings and cartoons. From Goethe to Radiohead, Dr. Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and the chaos this desire produces have captivated artists of all disciplines. This paper will examineRead MoreGothic Literature and the Writings of Edgar Allan Poe Essays850 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluential writing style called Gothic Literature. It is not only considered to involve the horror or gothic element but is combined with romance, superstition, women in distress, omens, portents, vision and supernatural events to name a few (Beesly). The history and beginning of this era is not well known. From a few writers came this writing style that has impacted the world. A famous artists known for this type of writing is a man named Edgar Allan Poe. He wrote many short stories and poems thatRead MoreSummary Of My Hands Were Trembling 960 Words   |  4 Pagesupload my short story to turnitin.com. Many people thought that the short story assignment would be fun and innovative. However, many students found it to be more of a struggle than a walk in the park. Class, before the bell rings, I want to introduce our next writing assignment Mr. Wickenhauser explained. I could hear the class groan. We had just gotten done with a take home essay and an in class essay over Don Quixote. We were tired of writing, and were not excited about writing some more. Read MoreSummary Of My Hands Were Trembling 960 Words   |  4 Pagesupload my short story to turnitin.com. Many people thought that the short story assignment would be fun and innovative. However, many students found it to be more of a struggle than a walk in the park. Class, before the bell rings, I want to introduce our next writing assignment Mr. Wickenhauser explained. I could hear the class groan. We had just gotten done with a take home essay and an in class essay over Don Quixote. We were tired of writing, and were not excited about writing some more. Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches ShaaraRead MoreEssay about The Voice of the Chimney Sweepers1180 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake (1757-1827) led a relatively happy life. At an early age, he claimed that he could see God, Angels, and other important Italian figures. Blake’s parents encouraged him to keep a record of all the masters he claimed to keep in contact with. Blake’s father, James Blake, gave him casts and engravings to keep this record. At the age of ten, Blake started at a drawing school named Henry Pars’ Drawing S chool. Three years later, he was apprenticed to a Master Engraver, James Basire. BlakeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Sainte Chapelle 1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthe chapel is displayed (Sacred Destinations). The most memorable aspect is the stained glass artworks. They all resemble scenes from the Old and New Testaments, making up 1,113 parts of history in the world before the relics came to Paris. These stories on stained glass made the Sainte Chapelle very popular which promoted it to being one of the most visited French High Gothic architecture. The Sainte Chapelle church has a good amount of history behind it, besides the amazing lower and upper chapelRead More Tillie Olsen’s I Stand Here Ironing Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pageswas nineteen. While writing the novel over the next four years, she gave birth to her first child and was left to raise the baby alone after her husband abandoned her. She married Jack Olsen in 1936 and had three more children. She remained politica lly active and held down various jobs while raising her family throughout the 1940s and early 1950s. In 1953 she was finally able to return to writing after her youngest child started to school. Olsen enrolled in a fiction writing course at San Francisco

Utilitarianism Bentham And Mill - 766 Words

Utilitarianism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. Bentham and Mill built their system of Utilitarianism on ancient hedonism (pursuing physical pleasure and avoiding physical pain). Although both of these philosophers agreed on the basic principals of Utilitarianism they disagreed on what exactly hedonism is. Jeremy Bentham was one of the first philosophers to present a fully developed system of utilitarianism. He thought that we, as humans, should evaluate the consequences of our actions, determine whether each action is morally right or wrong, and tally the pleasure and pain that comes as a result of our actions. Is it right for me to donate to charity? Is it right for me to cheat on my government test? These questions we ask ourselves fall under Bentham’s theory known as act-utilitarianism because it focuses on the consequences of every action we perform. Bentham argues that the â€Å"greatest happiness of the greatest number of people† (Bentham) is how we should determine right from wrong. He also believed â€Å"mankind is under theShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism By Bentham And Mill s Ideology1339 Words   |  6 PagesFirst, the idea of utilitarianism is that the highest principle of morality is to maximize happiness, which is the balance of pleasure over pain. Be ntham and Mill’s ideologies certainly can be discussed in the context of Freedom Summer. Specifically, the way in which Mill defends Bentham’s utilitarian principle shows that the actions of Freedom Summer are so actively involved in the ideas of utilitarianism. Many will point to the fact that Bentham’s original ideas of utilitarianism have a glaring flawRead MoreUtilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill1992 Words   |  8 PagesUtilitarianism is an ethical theory originating from the late 18th and 19th century British Philosophers and economists: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The Utilitarian theory focuses solely on the consequences an action has on the happiness of those affected by the action. Utilitarianism can be contrasted with other ethical theories such as deontology; deontologists consider the morality of the actions while disregarding the consequences produced by their actions. However a utilitarian doesRead MoreUtilitarianism, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill1678 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is an ethical theory that claims one is morally right when an action serves the ultimate interest of bringing about the most overall happiness. Any action that produces less happiness than an available alternative is not morally just. In fact, any action that produces pain, as opposed to pleasure, is considered unjust. Whether an action is right or wrong is independent of the intentions of the person committing the action. An act is right in virtue of its actual results, not its expectedRead MoreThe Theory Of Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stewart Mill903 Words   |  4 Pages Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill both present great ideas towards Utilitarianism. Bentham on one hand came up with the theory of Utilitarianism, while Mill tried to build upon Bentham’s ideology, and make his own stronger. Bentham believed in one ultimate moral principle, the principle of utility. Bentham’s principle of utility is stated in chapter one of â€Å"Principles of Morals and Legislation†, â€Å"By utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefitRead MoreJeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mills Mill On Utilitarianism872 Words   |  4 PagesMill on Utilitarianism â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Utilitarianism, Mill). This theory of Utilitarianism was generated by the original Utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Mill says: â€Å"Happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privationRead MoreUtilitarianism And Out Of All By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill1513 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction With the passage of time, new ideas emerge and there is always a new way of looking into things thus developing new epistemologies. Utilitarianism is one of the ways of looking at things, there were and are many thinkers of utilitarianism and out of all the thinkers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were the key thinkers or the classical utilitarians. Mill (as cited in Mulgan, 2007) states, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intendedRead MoreUtilitarianism, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stewart Mill s The Principle Of Utility868 Words   |  4 Pages1. Utilitarianism is a consequential theory by not only a matter of what we are capable of emotionally doing but to also do a matter of what we ought to do rationally. Actions to benefit the majority to maximize happiness for the greater of good of people and minimize unhappiness. Utilitarian is a hard universal theory for the universal moral code that applies to everyo ne to maximize happiness and minimize misery or unhappiness for the great of good. In the matter in which peoples consequences areRead MoreEthical Theories Of Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill State1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to normative ethics, a custom originating from the late eighteenth and nineteenth century English economists and philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill state that an activity is morally right on the off chance that it has a tendency to increase pleasure and morally wrong in the event that it tends to deliver the opposite of pleasure, pain – not only the pleasure of the person performing the activity but additionally that of everybody influenced by it. A theory of such isRead MoreAct Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill During The 19th Century861 Words   |  4 PagesAct utilitarianism is a theory proposed by English philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill during the 19th century. The aforementioned theory states that an action is morally good if its benefits exceed its harms, and correspondingly an action is considered morally bad if its harms exceed its benefits. Act utilitarianism is based upon the principle of utility, which states an action is right, if it increases the total happiness of the affected parties, and wrong if it decreases the totalRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Virtue, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill Erect The System Of Utilitarianism Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageshave changed because people these days have their own ability to define happiness through their own experiences of pleasure and pain. Consequently, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill erect the system of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the concept that balances the many benefits as well as the discomforts of society. Nonetheless, utilitarianism could be put to the test with clinical research because it is not completely clear about how to balance people’s pain, discomfort, or inconveniences of such

Research On Human Factors Related To Work Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Research On Human Factors Related To Work Performance. Answer: Introduction This study helps in analyzing the human factors contributing to the job performance. The human factor is generally known as comfort-design and system which is the practice of designing system and products. This helps in understanding the importance of human factors and safety culture in Healthcare. This report comprises of the innovative ideas related to the development of human factors and safety culture to include the passage of work related to the development of human factors and safety culture. Detailed report on the importance of workplace quality and safety in the Healthcare sector is also included. At last; the critical analysis of human factors contributing to the job performance and the importance of workplace quality and safety in Healthcare sector is scrutinized. Human factors contributing to job performance The science of contributing human factors and their work performance is called Ergonomics. This science helps in evaluating the capabilities of the human by putting people at first. Ergonomics defines aims to make all the information, equipment, task, and the environment, flexible to each employee or worker. There is a range of factors which need to be considered to approach the suitable person and their work. The following are the contributing factors: An insistent and peremptory request on the workers to perform the activities, work, pacing, fatigue, and workload (Arbor, 2017). The tool used in terms of Shape, display, size, and its application for the task. This also includes the type of information used and how the information can be accessed, changed or presented (Root, 2017). The physical environment comprising of vibration, noise, temperature, lightning, humidity, etc. The physical and psychological characteristics of an individual worker or employee contributing towards the job performance are but, not limited to, strength, Fitness health, training, experience, personality, mental abilities, senses, body size and shape, knowledge, etc. The factors of organization and social environment includes teamwork and team structure, resources, Communications, supervision, leadership and supporting management system. To analyze the abilities and limitations of the worker or the employee in terms of their jobs equipments limitations working environment and the interaction between the colleagues helps in creating effective and productive work systems (Dunnette Hake, 1967). Applying the ergonomics to the working environment, the organization can evaluate the importance of how the human factors help in improving the health and safety. By implementing the ergonomics to the working environment, the organization can reduce the potential for accidents, and reduce the potential for ill health by improving the capacity to become a development environment, thereby improving the performance and productivity. This also helps in reducing the illness at the work environment such as headaches, shoulders, back damage, hearing loss, and work related asthma. The following are the problems which the economic and human factors solve in the working environment. Task designing: The demand of work is too high or low that there is in capability of the employees to analyze the scheduling of their work, or non skilled in working on the Machines also slows down the performance of the employee. The conflict in the demand that is, expecting the high productivity and quality in a short period of time. The above listed problems lead to poor performance of the employee causing accidents in some cases. Manual Handling: Weight of the machine is too heavy or bulky, which need the manual displacement, loading the weight above the shoulders and taking it to the other floor, repetitive lifting in the job, repetitive bending and twisting of the postures, the inability to grip the load properly, performing the jobs on water sloping surfaces, performing the job under high pressure that the employee doesn't get enough time for the break to take the rest. The above factors may lead to serious physical injuries. Layout of the work environment: The inconvenient to reach the items which are needed for frequent use, small space for balancing the legs, the height of the workstation may lead to uncomfortable postures, improper lighting in the work environment leading to the headaches and eye strains, height of the chair which may not fit as per the employees body size. Working day Management: While working in the shifts, if there is not enough break time, worst scheduling or change in the shift corresponding to personal responsibilities, adding the overtime to the working hours, may lead to exhaustion or tiredness. To identify the human factor problems there is a need to identify the risk. This risk assessment can be done by communicating with the employees and getting their views, by creating a social environment in the workstation to analyze if there is any risk or hazard and reviewing or recording if there is any risk. Importance of workplace quality and safety in healthcare sector To understand the quality of the workplace and safety in the healthcare sector, there is a need of analyzing the safety in the work environment. The definition of science which uses anatomy, physics, and biomechanics helps to analyze how the employee or the worker performs their duty in different circumstances or situations. The human factors which are considered here are environmental, organizational, and job factors which are considered important to do the job effectively and efficiently. This science of human factors is defined by the World Health Organization. To analyze the pin areas like safety and the human factors which come together as human factors can be considered as the organizational culture and the behavior of the employees in that organization (Leonard, Frankel, Simmonds, 2004). There may be an increase in the risk because of the issues that impact on the human performance or the factors such as fatigue, stress, which stop the employer to perform the job with high productivity and effectiveness, factors that directly contribute to the decision making, such as reasoning, memory, and the factors that directly helps in enabling decision such as carrying out the planned actions and communication. Other human factors which increase the chances of risk or distractions are teamwork, physical demands, mental workload, change in the physical environment, change in the physical demands, etc. Therefore, there is a need for the robust software for safety culture that best managers the unavoidable risk created by the humans who worked in extraordinary complex workstations or work environment. In order to measure the safety culture and develop the improved outcomes the Salford royal Foundation trust diminished the Pascal matrix. To measure the safety culture at Salford Royal Foundation Trust, a survey was performed that helps in measuring the perceptions of Clinic and stuff. So, in order to change the culture, there is a need to change the perceptions of the Patient Safety with comparison to the organization goals. The completion of the safety attitude survey which helps in calculating the Pascal Matrix includes: Leadership Interviews: This helps in analyzing the critical discussion of the safety culture data that helps in building up the frame to the cause of action and intervene the set of Patient Safety. The Leadership interview feedback after the critical discussion is then provided to the Salford Royal Foundation trust over the course of approximately 2 hours meeting (Leonard, Achieving Safe and Reliable Healthcare: Strategies and Solutions, 2017). Teamwork intervention training: The survey was applied to train the workers and target them to improve their communication skills as well as motivating them for the team work. There are various sessions which are taught to improve the culture that the communication is concise, clear, and specific to the point and in a timely manner, to provide the ongoing or regular updates to ensure that the plans are getting executed as per the particular action as well as bringing them the breaking to make all team members aware of the current patients. Using of procedures so that organizations can understand the briefing of information provided as per patient. The additional areas where the invention of safety culture improvement will be developed includes great managers to improve the delivery system so that the existing workers can feel comfortable with the safety of existing systems, undertaking the process while editing the front end staff, providing the formal training to the non technical staff, taking the leadership actions like addressing the bad behavior of the employee as well as running the safety walk around program (Dalton Moran, 2013). Critical analysis This section is to analyze the impact of human factor in the Heath care industry. It has been noted in the US that approximately there are $3 trillion industries, costing $10000 per capita.That is, health care is a vast industry, and is changing their standards every minute. It has been noted in the year 2016 that 85% of medical payments stick to the quality which helps an increase to approximately 90% by the year 2018. In the year 2015, the united health has been reported that the industry were expecting approximately 20% and its value based reimbursements and will subsequently grow in the next few years (NHS, 2013). It has been noted that approximately 4 lakhs deaths take place due to the medical errors. It has also been analyzed that if there is a decrease of approximately 20% of the staffing members than there will be more chances of increasing the medical errors which, may be protected as 18% the risk of that has also been increased by 2%. Thus, there is a need of optimizing the staff to improve the patient outcomes. This can be done by: Staffing skill and competency mix Acuity-based staffing Learning, development and competency management (WHO, 2013). While building the Healthcare system, data analyzed by the human factors principles can have a positive impact on the safety due to lesser chances of harm on the staffing member because of better design of the Machines or equipments. By understanding the staff and analyzing why the errors have been made by improving the safety of the staff by enhancing the communication skills and motivating the staff for teamwork, improving the approaches to analyze the incidents predicting in advance the risk and how to mitigate them to improve the impact of human factors on the healthcare industry (Healthcare, 2014). Thus, it has been concluded that the Association between the staff and the patient must be incontrovertible, so that the outcomes must be improved by simultaneously controlling the cost. The communication between the patient and the worker must be strong to improve the outcomes and to reduce the error. Overview of human error theory The human error has been studied by various researchers in a number of specialties. The specialties or speech programming studied industrial accidents, commercial accidents, typing, IT sector. In the year 1990, Reason has briefed the great deal of study on human error. After the Reason analysis the Baars has briefed the research on errors due to speech which is considered as the most arguable human error (Watson, Bond, Johnston, Mearns, 2006). Conclusion The human factors contributing to the job performance have been analyzed in this report. The understanding about the importance of human factors and safety culture in Healthcare is scrutinized. This report also helped in suggesting the innovative ideas related to the development of human factors and safety culture to include the passage of work related to the development of human factors and safety culture. Detailed report has been prepared on the importance of workplace quality and safety in the Healthcare sector. The critical analysis of human factors contributing to the job performance and the importance of workplace quality and safety in Healthcare sector has been explored in the further study related to the human factors. References Arbor, A. (2017). University of Michigan Health System Patient Safety Toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/UMichiganHealthSystemPatientSafetyToolkitDisclosureChapter.aspx Dalton, D., Moran, S. (2013). Human factors and safety culture in healthcare. The Health Foundation. Retrieved from https://patientsafety.health.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/human_factors_and_safety_culture_in_Nursing healthcare.pdf Dunnette, M., Hake, M. (1967). Factors contributing to job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction in six occupational groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2(2), 143-174. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003050736790027X Healthcare, A. (2014). Lessening the Negative Impact of Human Factors: Linking Staffing Variables Patient Outcomes. Retrieved from https://apihealthcare.com/sites/default/files/Lessening%20the%20Negative%20Impact%20of%20Human%20Factors%20-%20JB33305US.pdf Leonard, M. (2017). Achieving Safe and Reliable Healthcare: Strategies and Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.alibris.com/Achieving-Safe-and-Reliable-Healthcare-Strategies-and-Solutions-Michael-Steven-Leonard/book/8698370 Leonard, M., Frankel, A., Simmonds, T. (2004). Achieving Safe and Reliable Healthcare: Strategies and Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Publications/AchievingSafeandReliableHealthcareStrategiesandSolutions.aspxNursing NHS. (2013). Human Factors in Healthcare: A Concordat from the National Quality Board. Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/nqb-hum-fact-concord.pdf Root, G. (2017). Factors Affecting Employee Performance. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-employee-performance-978.html Watson, M., Bond, C., Johnston, M., Mearns, K. (2006). Using human error theory to explore the supply of non-prescription medicines from community pharmacies. Retrieved from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/resources/resource/4148 WHO. (2013). What is human factors and why is it important to patient safety? Retrieved from https://www.who.int/patientsafety/education/curriculum/who_mc_topic-2.pdf

Water Pollution Essays (479 words) - Ocean Pollution,

Water Pollution The earth is facing a lot of environmental problems today, these problems are caused by humans. In the search for the technology, humans begin to improve their lives without giving attention to what this development has caused to the other types of life on the face of the earth. All aspects of life on the earth have been affected, as well as the sources of water. Sea and river pollution is one of the problems that resulted from the new technology, and humans should solve very fast to save our planet. Water is one of the most important sources of life in the earth a lot of animals live in seas, rivers and lakes. In addition water in also important for humans, not just for drinking, seas are one of our main sources of food today, for example fish. Sea pollution has become one of the biggest problems facing our environment. This pollution which is caused by the oil tankers or the oil spills could cause serious damage to the lives of many kinds of creatures that live in the sea. People were happy when the oil was first discovered. For them it was a new source of energy that would help to made life a lot easier, no one ever thought that oil could cause so much damage, but it became clear when oil tankers began to dump oil in to the sea. The oil which was dumped into the sea for different reasons, could case a lot of damage to the life in that sea, for example a thick spot of oil could cover the surface of the sea and causes screening of the sun rays from the sea. That screening can case the death of many of the sea creatures, because most of the sea creatures depend on the sun for their lives. A lot of beaches are destroyed because of the oil spots, too. The oil spot finally ends up on the beach. A lot of birds that live on the beach will face death because they lost their source of food. People will be affected too. A lot of fish will die so there will be no fishing. In some countries where they depend on sea water for drinking, they are going to have problems purifying. Rivers were facing the same problem too. The chemicals that have been used in manufacturing should not be dumped in lakes or rivers, because of the animals that live in these rivers and lakes. In some countries they polluted some of their big lakes because of the big factories that were built beside them in order to throw the waste of chemicals on these lakes, and the result was big loss of natural life. However, it is a big problem, we still can not stop it from happening, but we can reduce it by enforcing stronger laws to stop these oil tankers and these factories from dumping oil and waste-water in to the seas and rivers. Our environment is important to us, so we should take care of it.

Information Technology Companies

Information Technology Companies Introduction Information technology is probably the most dynamic sector in any economy. What is new and essential today may not be important the following day. Various new technologies are discovered each and every day. Moreover, due to the dynamic nature of the business environment, requirements of each business entity keep on changing now and again.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, information technology companies are faced by a trick scenario of ensuring that they improve their services as time goes by. If creativity is not part of the vision of an information technology firm, then there is no need of the firm being in business. Customers need to get the latest technology and a firm that is able to come up with new technologies takes all businesses. Consequently, the managerial strategies used in information technology firm are very crucial. Special Requirements of Information Technology Firms The dynamic nature of human needs makes the world of technology to change rapidly. In this regard, information technology companies will have to enhance their skills so as to meet the changing needs. Consequently, innovation is crucial for any company that deals with information technology. To meet this criterion, firms need to find ways of encouraging ingenuity among their employees. For example, though critics argue that Google has been lagging behind in terms of innovation, the fact is that Google comes up with new ideas every so often (Morden, 2007). Self driving cars, Google glass, Google maps, Android just to name but a few are among the most influential innovations by Google which are as a result of employees being encouraged to be creative (Sutherland 2012). It is also important to note that Google comes up with innovations on issues that affect many people in society. Moreover, information technology firms s hould be keen on ensuring that their products can be used on various devices that are commonly used, this include phones and other electronic gadgets. Innovativeness also helps in boosting confidence of consumers thus increasing its market control.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, an information technology firm needs to manifest itself as a market leader in the information technology sector. On the other hand, information technology companies have to invest in other projects that are not among their core business but which are of important value to people. This may include research on alternative sources of energy (Ledel Stoll 2013). Using its innovativeness in various projects that benefit the common person boosts it ranking among people. Different Managerial Styles There are different managerial styles that can be applied by managers. To begin with, there are those managers who dictate what they want to be done in the organization. These types of managers tend to think that they know everything and there is nothing that any person can tell them. If an employee does not do what these managers say they are bound to be in trouble with the manager. To these managers, threat and discipline is the method to ensure that employees agree with them. The manager set rules and expects employees to follow them to the latter (Grembergen, 2004). The method has various disadvantages one of them being that it does not allow employee learning to take place. Moreover, it makes employees feel intimidated. Employees will work only when the manager is around to oversee them, otherwise they will stop working. Nevertheless, it is the most appropriate method during crisis.  Another type of management that is mostly applied is the authoritative strategy. This is managerial strategy where the manager acts as a director while employees complete their tasks indivi dually (Morden, 2007). Managers practicing this type of marketing strategy are likely to use performance evaluation as a means of motivating employees to enhance their output. However, these managers are known to be firm but a little flexible. It is the best managerial system to use when the job in question needs clear guidelines and employees are knowledgeable of their roles (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). Nevertheless if employees are new and they do not know the procedure well, this type of managerial system will most likely lead to losses.  Some managers are known to be highly flexible and allow each member of the team to contribute in any decision that is made. Before a decision is made, all members of the concerned department should agree. Rewards are part of this managerial strategy with good performers being rewarded. It builds a sense of belonging by allowing all employees to make inputs thus motivating them to work hard. Many people like to work in an environment where they ar e treated as part of the organization and not as outsiders (Grembergen, 2004). The benefit of this management style is that it encourages team work.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the same note, work cannot stop when a manager is not present since members are used to work on their own. However, in times of crisis this system is not effective. Additionally, it cannot be the best strategy to use in case of implementing a new idea. Another management strategy is the coaching style. Here, the manager works hard to ensure that employees develop their talent areas. The manager aims at discovering the gifts of each employee and maximize on the same (Ledel Stoll, 2013). The management style provides a lot of opportunities for career development which highly motivates employees. On the same note, self development as well as training of employees is allowed under this management strategy. On the other hand, the management style’s success depends on the expertise of the manager and will therefore not work in cases where managers are not well trained. Applicability to Information Technology Firms After discussing the various types of management strategies available, it is high time we discuss which of the strategies is applicable for information technology firms. It has been highlighted that information technology firms require high degree of ingenuity in order to meet the changing human needs. As a result, mechanical management style will not be applicable. Employees need flexible management regulations so that they can feel safe to try any new idea that they come up with. It should be the role of employees to determine the best way to execute their duties (Sutherland, 2012). Arguably, ingenuity is highly dependent on the easiness with which one can execute his or her duties. It is, therefore, clear that democracy is v ital as it regards management in information technology firms. Dictatorial type of management will require that each employee only does what the managers say and this will kill the morale of creativity (Case, 2007). It should be noted that attitude of employees determines their behavior at work and by extension their degree of ingenuity. Another factor that boosts performance in many information technology firms is the way their personnel is recruited and handled. The recruitment is done in a vigorous way that ensures only best talents are brought into the company. While it is a norm in other companies that recruitment is strictly an exercise of top management and other employees, especially junior ones have no role; information technology companies should be different.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each employee should be given an opportunity of evaluating and giving his or her comments regarding a new employee. A system should be in place which allows all employees to comment about any employee that is about to be recruited (Sutherland 2012). As a result, the possibility of getting the best employees is high thus enhancing efficiency of the company. Moreover, it is a well known fact that when employees are allowed to contribute to various issues, their satisfaction is enhanced which enhances their productivity. Employees cannot optimally contribute to an organization if they feel that they are not valued. In this regard, involvement of employees in the process of evaluating a new employee boosts their morale though they are not part of the final interview panel. On the same note, employees working in a relaxed environment enhance their creativity adding to the company’s innovativeness (Stewart, 2013). The fact that all employees are encouraged to be innovative and come up with new ideas enhances their willingness to work for a company thus reducing labor turnover rate. In addition, all employees at the firm should be paid according to their performance. Performance evaluation is supposed to be impartial and just. Justice and equal treatment of all employees should be the slogan. Moreover, extraordinary performance requires equitable reward whether on personal or group basis. In this way the loyalty of employees is enhanced while at the same time their output is increased. Employees are able to access free services which are also of high quality. Leaves and offs should also be very accommodative. On the same note, there should be a lot of other recreational facilities to increase satisfaction of employees (Stewart 2013). This will in the end increase the probability of employees coming up with new ideas and products for their customers. Most of the employees in Information technology firms are in the technical sector. As a matter of fact, technica l people work best when they are only guided and left to carry out the duties on their own. In this regard, a mixture of participative and coaching leadership strategies is the best way of managing the technical staff. However, technical department is not the only department in information technology firms. There are other departments which include the financial departments (Ledel Stoll, 2013). Some of these departments require everything to be done in a particular order and deviation from these will lead to losses to the firm. Managers of these departments need a strict manager who will ensure that all protocols are followed to the latter. Consequently, the leadership style that should be applied in any information technology firms should depend on departmental needs and requirements. Strategic Human Resource Management Any given strategy that is chosen by a firm should take into consideration the effects it may have on the operations of the firm after implementation. In this ligh t, the relationship between the organizational culture and structure is very essential in ensuring that smooth running of the company is not affected whenever a new strategy is introduced (Case, 2007). It should be noted that for the intended strategy to be effectively realized during implementation, the environment in which the firm is operating should be given serious attention. On top, strategies, structure and culture are so much entangled that a change in one requires the others also to be changed so as to avoid friction in the operations of the firms. Consequently, though a strategy is developed at a specific point in time, its implementation goes on continuously to ensure that it catches up with the changes in structure and culture (Morden, 2007). For multinational companies, differences in national culture are very essential and must always be put into consideration whenever any strategy is introduced. However, company structure must be maintained when both culture and strat egy are being addressed in order to ensure that company goals are achieved.  Job satisfaction plays an important role in ensuring that service offered to customers are of high quality. Any firm should therefore ensure that employee satisfaction is achieved through motivation, which is part of its organizational culture (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). This is achieved through special focus on the health and welfare of the employees as well as protection from unexpected life styles after being employed.  Since culture plays an important role in any firm’s activities, any firm should not try to force an organizational structure of one region to another region. As a result, implementation of an organizational structure that is compatible with local cultures is essential. Additionally, firms should employ democratic type of management where employees also give their ideas concerning what should be done besides them being allowed to make some decisions as a team (Grembergen, 2004). T his enables the firm to motivate employees as well as enhancing employee empowerment. On top, this management style enables the implementation of any strategy to be achieved easily since it builds a sense of belonging among the employees besides fostering the organizational culture. To any firm, labor is the most priced input as it actually determines the running of the day-to-day activities of a firm. Firms should invest a great deal on matters affecting its employees and their welfare while they are working with them. Employees’ satisfaction is paramount. Consequently, everything should be done to ensure that the employees are comfortable (Stewart, 2013) Employees will be willing to work in a firm where they feel that their needs are given serious attention and they will want to stay longer in these firms. Once employees have been hired into a firm, a relationship is established whereby the hierarchy of needs satisfaction is the guide. Employees should be built and groomed continuously through inside trainings and other workshops. On top of that employees also need to be given incentives like rewards and benefits to improve their attitude towards their responsibilities therefore increasing their probability of stay with an organization (Sutherland, 2012). Arguably, promotions should be given depending on the performance of a person and other more measurable factors, which makes the process open and transparent. This not only motivates employees to deliver to their maximum, but also satisfies them that their efforts will not go to waste thus encouraging them to continue working for the company. Health of employees should be paramount to management, as well as the change in lifestyle due to joining the workforce of the organization. Moreover, besides employees having to individually strive to attain their laid down goals, they should be encouraged to work as a team for better results (Morden, 2007). Their suggestions to the management about what they fe el should be done should be taken into consideration whenever decisions are made. This helps in creating a sense of belonging among the employees which is an important factor in retaining employee. Every human resource manager wants to have people who can help the company to move forward. Big companies especially multinational firms face a lot of challenges when it comes to recruitment and selection. In some countries, strict adherence to company values is paramount. However, in other countries, professional qualification is crucial (Case, 2007). Human resource managers have also to change their age requirements depending on the country they are operating given that different cultures give emphasis to different age sets.  Employees need to be continuously trained so that they can develop their skills and improve their performance. It is the initiative of human resource managers to determine who will go for training and when. While some people will be comfortable with mechanical tr aining schedules where management has the final say on who will be trained, others like to be trained on their own initiative. Consequently, human resource managers are usually faced with the challenge of determining which procedure to use (Stewart, 2013). It is important to note that the problem is complicated by the fact that people from different cultural backgrounds work in the same branch yet they demand different treatment. Most importantly, human resource management is about managing people in a given institutional setting. However, geographical dispersion means that people from different cultural and religious backgrounds are employed in the same organization (Lendel Stoll, 2013). In addition, these people usually have different moral and ethical behaviors. Human resource managers are expected to treat all employees without discrimination while at the same time religious and cultural backgrounds should be given consideration. Managing these people is a daunting task for man agers of both international and local firms. Emerging Issues Information technology is changing very first and a firm cannot afford to be static. As a result, many firms are doing all they can to ensure that they develop new products before the others. However, the problem is that nowadays technological leaking is very high. If a firm does not guard its technology properly, the information will leak to the competitor who will produce the product very fast. On the same note, globalization has led to increased demands for information technology. Products that were anciently designed for one region only are now used in the globe. In this regard, employees are coming from different cultural backgrounds (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). Managers are expected to guide all these employees to enhance their creativity while at the same time respecting their cultural background. Similarly, expectations of people are changing each and every day. It is, therefore, tricky for managers for they have to e nsure new products are produced each day. If a firm is not able to come up with products to meet consumers’ needs, the blame is placed on managers. Conclusion Management strategies determine to a larger extent the success of any firm. Therefore, each firm should ensure that the management strategy that is being used is acceptable by everybody in the firm. For the case of information technology firms, they have different requirements for each department. Technical departments which are arguably the most vital department require democratic managerial strategy. It, therefore, goes without saying that participative managerial style is the most effective for the technical team. As a result having one managerial style for the whole firm will not work. Each department should have a managerial strategy as per the needs of the department. References Case, G. (2007). Service Management Strategies That Work: Guidance for Executives. Hogeweg: Van Haren Publishing. Chew, E. K. Gottschalk , P. (2009). Information Technology Strategy and Management: Best Practices. Hershey: IGI Global. Grembergen, W. V. (2004). Strategies for Information Technology Governance. Hershey: Idea Group Inc. Ledel, J. Stoll, J. (2013). Spotify CEO: eating Google’s lunch and loving it. The Wall Street Journal, 43(2), B7. Morden, T. (2007). Principles of Strategic Management. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. Stewart, J. B. (2013, March 15). Looking for a lesson in Google’s perks. The new York Times. Web. Sutherland, A. (2012). The story of Google. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.

Personal Development Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Personal Development Planning - Coursework Example The paper will discuss the benefits of studying PDP at a higher education level. It will also highlight on the changes the changes that I would like to bring into PDP for the future students’ justifying the change with a rationale behind it. Lastly, the paper will provide a reflection on how PDP has helped me at the university. PDP in higher education usually comprise of portfolio that contains evidence if the skills that have been acquired over a specific time period. Studying PDP at the university is very crucial since it assists in creating self-directed independent learners who have a higher probability of progressing to higher levels of academic achievement (Rughani, 2001). As cited by Grellier and Goerke (2006), the other benefit is that students can take responsibility for and personalise their learning. Essentially, personal development is a process and not a final product. Therefore, it can be utilised to support the personalisation of learning by facilitating pathways selection that suit individual learner. Through the utilisation of tools like auditing of personal transferable skills that are often used in the personal development frameworks linked with employability, the students can actually make links between their extra-curricular and curricular activities and what the employers value. These particular activities are advantageous in the context of work placements, work-based learning, or internships. Generally, students usually report in questionnaires and focus groups that CV development is something that they find very beneficial. PDP assists the university students to be effective in reviewing and monitoring their own progress and make use of their own evidence and records to show to others what they know they can actually do (Fry, Ketteridge, & Marshall, 2008). According to Fry, Ketteridge and Marshall (2008, p. 120), PDP promotes deeper learning through increasing awareness of the students are actually learning and to

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers Term Paper

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers - Term Paper Example The ROI is at 30% after taxes, based on the asking price. It is expected that these numbers could be even higher, based on preliminary marketing projections. However, ABC has several operational issues that need to be addressed prior to the purchase. The following will discuss these operational issues and will outline a plan for rectifying them. Understanding Solar Water Heaters. In order to perform a proper assessment of the market and opportunities that lie in the Solar Hot Water Heater market, it is important to gain an understanding of how they work and the various types that are available on the market. Solar hot water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Compared to other types of hot water heating systems, they pay for themselves overtime as the customer saves money by not purchasing an alternate fuel source. Solar systems use solar energy from the sun, which is free. The initial cost is paid back over time, after which the cost for the unit is free, oth er than for repairs. The decision to install a solar hot water heater has a high initial cost that represents a longer-term investment in which its payback is sometime in the future. There are three different types of collector systems for solar water heating units. The first type is the flat-plate collector, which consists of a weatherproofed, insulated box. Inside the box is a dark absorber plat that is under one or more glass or plexiglass panels. The absorber plate itself can be either metal or polymer. The integral collector-storage system has one or more black tanks or tubes in and insulated glazed box. In this system, the solar hot water heater acts as a pre-heater, warming the water before it passes through a conventional system. The third type of solar water heater is the evacuated-tube solar collector. This type of system uses parallel rows of glass tubes. These tubes contain a glass outer tube and a metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin absorbs solar energy, but prevents radiant heat loss. The evacuated-tube system is used in a commercial setting. Most residential systems are either the flat-plate collector type, or the integral collector-storage system. Circulation systems can be either direct or indirect systems. The direct system pumps water through the collectors and into the house. They are used in climates that do not experience freezing temperatures. The indirect heating system circulates non-freezing heat-transfer fluid through the colle

The premier food

The premier food EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report aims to critically appraise various internal and external factors which contributed to the success of Premier Foods grocery division restructuring programme. Examples of effective change management disciplines are integrated throughout the project to achieve a successful business strategy. Although, no matter how effective and efficient you plan for change, risks are inevitable. The report aims to identify the key risks associated with the restructuring plan and identify the possible effects on human, physical and cultural resources. In the latter stages, the report will come to a close, highlighting the main points which the author believes has had an influence on the entire grocery divisions restructuring process. ORGANISATIONAL OVERVIEW Premier Foods has been established as the UKs leading food manufacturer, specialising in many known consumer brands such as OXO, Quorn, Hovis, Batchelors and Branston Pickle. Its estimated that 99.4% of the UK population buy at least one Premier Food product each year and a total of 43 million people, eat a leading brand food product every two weeks. Therefore, current turnover is estimated at  £2.6 billion and the company currently employs 17,000 people at 60 manufacturing sites around the United Kingdom and Ireland. Although, these figures would have been unrealistic without Premier Foods  £460 million acquisition of Campbells UK and Irish market share in August 2006. In March 2007, Premier Foods also captured RHMs market share for  £1.2 billion and therefore, turnover figures increased dramatically from  £760 million to the current turnover figure of  £2.6 billion. In 2008, Premier foods had successfully undertaken a comprehensive restructuring programme, which was deemed extremely complex in the UK. The aim was to radically transform the Grocery Division, which would drive the business through lower costs and higher technical standards. Premier Foods wished to implement the following key changes: The eradication of eight manufacturing sites between September 2007 and December 2008. Five core sites would increase the number of consumer brands manufactured. Capability and capacity are critical. The transfer of more than 1500 consumer brands and 2000 materials (136,700 tonnes). Capital Investment of  £47 million, of which  £19 million would need to be delivered in savings. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PLAN REASONS BEHIND THE CHANGES External Market Pressures The United Kingdom has one of the fastest growing food and drink markets in the world (UK Trade Investment Services, 2009). The food and drink sector alone generates sales estimated at  £70 billion and significant growth areas lie in value added products i.e. ready meals or Non-European recipes. Recent studies had estimated the UKs organic sector at  £1.2 billion a year and the chilled food market a staggering  £7 billion. Therefore this accounts for almost 60% of the overall European chilled food market. However, in the East Midlands, food manufacturing is rapidly expanding. 15.1% of the UKs food produce is manufactured here and over the forthcoming years, this figure is expected to increase by 40%. Food companies such as NOM, an Austrian Diary Producer, have taken decisions with the help of the UK government (Trade and Investment) to expand into the UKs rapidly expanding food markets. Therefore, it was imperative that Premier Foods assess the external market and plan for radical change. Premier foods understood that the UK food market is highly competitive, demanding consistent product quality and reliable supply whilst seeking more competitive pricing and innovative new products (Premier Foods, 2010). The company had a policy to, generate economies of scale to reduce production costs in order to support promotional activity, investment in building brand awareness with the consumer and new product development (Premier Foods, 2010). Over the years, Premier Foods had marginalised its market position through organic and inorganic growth. Through this initiative, the company has strengthened its competitive position by undertaking various initiatives in order to boost efficiencies and minimize costs (Just-Food, 2010). During 2009, Premier Foods excelled it strategy of developing growing branded sales and expanding gross margin through the benefits of consumer scales and insights. The company recognised the need to continually develop this through 2010. In this period, the company wishes to deliver efficiency savings over and above the synergies already delivered in 2009. The benefit strategies of 2009 were particularly absorbed by inflation (Input Costs) and by tougher consumer and trading environments. Therefore, this allowed promotional costs to rise and the company are to remain cautious in the 2010 shortfall. Nevertheless, the company has the desire to challenge market growth rates and developed the strategy of identifying particular categories and brands they can push most. This new strategy splits consumer brands into, Drive, Core and Defend. Premier Foods represent Drive categories as the consumer brands which will inherit the most market investment i.e. Hartleys, Quorn, Ambrosia etc. However, Premier Foods agree that cooking sauces / accompaniments, desserts and cakes would have immediate success rates within the consumer market. A company statement had concluded that although the cake category was in decline over recent years, lunchbox, ready-to-eat sweet snacks or treats are proving extremely popular. In theory, taking advantage of this opportunity would eventually start a trend, where Premier Foods would target other popular categories. In other words there is ample room for additional market growth. Bearing this in mind, the company is still confident in delivering a three year market strategy in demonstrating the company is moving in the right direction, ability to make profits and increases in the UK / Ireland market share. Internal Pressures Organisational Reform By successfully developing an external market strategy plan, Premier Foods needed to radically transform the entire business, which would be a rationale for its success. The first phase was to conduct a review of all the manufacturing sites to identify their capabilities, infrastructure and skill base. This activity was conducted in the first three weeks by a small group of senior management. The site review allowed senior management to develop viable options and allowed the initial steps towards a cost benefit analysis. Once satisfied with this, a presentation was developed for the companies board and an agreement was passed to take the initial work to a full business case. A larger team, comprising representatives from each in scope sites, was formed and a clear consensus regarding the optimum option was quickly reached (Wilkinson, 2010). The agreement of the business case, allowed all main stakeholders to be involved within the development. The main intention was to secure a unanimous agreement on the final proposal. Fortunately, agreement was reached within six-weeks of the business case and provided a solid rationale for delivery of the restructuring programme. However, part of the business case recommended the closure of six manufacturing sites in the United Kingdom and two in Ireland. There would be a period of twenty-one months, in which a mixture of consumer brands would be manufactured over five expanded sites. By now, people including stakeholders, board directors, managers etc knew which consumer brands would move from one manufacturing site to another, the expected costs of the entire restructuring programme, target delivery points and detailing the benefits that would occur across the entire organisation. The output of this work also demonstrated the overall level of benefits that could be achieved and provided a baseline for delivering the programme (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, market strategy developments, extensive cost cutting exercises, combined with effective efficiency strategies developed a recipe for success. BUSINESS STRATEGY PLAN Rationale In July 2003, Premier Foods were initially floated on the London Stock Exchange with a business strategy of: Development within consumer focused brands. Development through effective consumer relations. Cost Reduction strategies and business simplification. Parallel to this, there was spotlight within the UK and the desire to acquire Great British brands. The integration of these, would rapidly contribute to further strategies based on scale. However, the main aim was to expand company competitiveness with other British food manufacturers, whilst still improving company returns to the shareholders. Premier Foods anticipated that corporate responsibility is a strategic priority that should be parallel to the overall business objectives. The company ensured that responsible business practice should be a fundamental operation of the business and place in the core of the corporate responsibility strategy of, doing the right thing. Premier Foods adopted a business strategy which analyses current issues and attitudes. This allows the company to anticipate any trends which could hamper the business. This business strategy has been untouched and still currently forms the central core of the companies aspirations. Due to the rapid growth of the company, the individuals and the manufacturing sites involved in the restructuring programme had very different cultures and people who came from different work backgrounds. Therefore, there was different levels of understanding in both project and programme management processes. Although, to implement an effective restructuring process, an effective change management strategy had to come into operation and to get an overview; there are five key principles that are extremely important: (Briggs, M., 1995) Individuals tend to react differently to change. Everyone has a desired need, which should be met. Change tends to involve a loss or reduction in something. Realistic targets and expectations. Fears need to be dealt with. Bearing this in mind, Premier Foods had to be open and honest about the entire restructuring strategy. The company were open and not too overoptimistic in theory. In other words, the company set realistic targets and deliverance dates. Project Management Strategy To improve how the company manages large or small scale projects, Premier Foods embarked on integrating a new project management process. Currently, there were various project management systems integrated across the entire organisation and the proposal was to have one standard system based upon Prince2. Prompt, would be the system which Premier Foods integrated across the entire organisation and benefits in Prompt allowed Premier Foods to manage and initiate projects in each work stream. Work stream managers were responsible for this and would manage project teams, to complete any work as necessary. Resource Management Strategy To increase flexibility and reduce project delivery risk, interdependencies between specific work streams and projects were minimised. Time scales and achieving key delivery dates were crucial in this process. However, to support this, Premier foods ensured a structured organisational programme was in place and at the same time, avoided the utilisation of common resources. On the other hand, the company sourced resources at the work stream level, through process of common procurement approach. This allowed work streams to progress at a constant level, whilst having the ability to maintain an overview of contract resource usage and ability to view potential competing priorities at an early stage. Environmental Strategy Due to recent European legislations in place, there are pressures within industry to curb the amount of carbon dioxide produced in the manufacturing of consumer goods. Premier Foods is committed to supporting the UK Governments position on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol (Premier Foods, 2010). The company has a Five Star Environmental Award Scheme in structure, which was rolled out to all manufacturing sites in 2009. The scheme is a benchmark ensuring energy usage, waste, water usage and carbon dioxide emissions are carefully monitored (Wilkinson, 2010). Scheduling Milestone Management Strategies The original business case recommended a tight delivery timescale and was substantially dictated by the seasonality of transferring food categories. In other words, the transferring of a food line had a set delivery date. If the opportunity was missed then the company would have to wait to the next available opportunity i.e. desserts are more popular in the winter and therefore move production to the summer. At different intervals during the project, there was the requirement to assess the restructuring programmes ability to deliver within the target timescales. Whilst towards completion of the programme, various groups of people needed to be coordinated around specific milestone dates. Therefore, Premier foods had to ensure a sufficient scheduling and milestone management programme was in operation. Programme Assurance, Change Control and Scope Management Strategies The scope of the restructuring programme was controlled within overall programme approvals through the formal initiation of projects and associated funding in each work stream (Wilkinson, 2010). Each element within the restructuring programme had strict parameters to adhere too and were closely monitored i.e. funding and timescale delivery. However, if parameter changes were necessary, agreement would have to be obtained through steering committees, by the change control process. Information Communication Strategies Due to a large number of individuals being involved in the restructuring programme, an effective communication strategy was implemented to ensure information was circulated both internally and externally. Therefore, to ensure employees fully understand the strategic approach, Corporate Responsibility Road shows, were presented at all manufacturing sites to Senior Management teams. This ensured that they were aware of the long term sustainability goals and could effectively brief all employees about the planned changes in the company i.e. maintain involvement and commitment to employees whose job role were becoming redundant. Regular meetings with key external stakeholders ensured that the company advised them on any major changes, ensured the company was on the front foot and most importantly, minimised any potential damage to corporate reputation from any foreseeable redundancies (Wilkinson, 2010). Moving food production from one manufacturing site to another, impacts both the suppliers and customers. Therefore, both had to understand the changes which were being devised and reassured that supplies in a particular food category were managed effectively i.e. there was sufficient stock in the warehouses, while the transfer of a particular food line was being made. Quality Management Strategy Quality Consumer Brands Although moving manufacturing lines from one site another is relatively a straightforward process, ensuring the quality of the produce is critical. The company initiated a quality protocol which ensured that an individual product would move to a new location, meeting all necessary standards. Therefore, ensuring you protected the consumer experience was fundamental to the programme. This operation was strictly controlled and managed centrally. This ensures that the steering committee could monitor the quality control process and highlight any problem areas. Quality Control Premier Foods technical and commercial teams ensured that resources were utilised where required. Food tasting panels were utilised to ensured product matching and consumer testing in more severe cases. This ensured that the companies acquisitions of additional food brands were protected from other manufacturers. Efficient Supply Chain Management Peer review stage gate processes were introduced to ensure decisions were made appropriately. Individual project managers would check a list of criteria leading up to a Go / No Go decision. Review teams were constituted from all areas of business, ensuring there specialist area was implemented to high standards. Supply change management and independent business activities were amalgamated into one process, to ensure risks to the business and customer service levels were understood and managed appropriately. Issue Management Strategy Dealing effectively and efficiently with issues was seen as a competitive advantage for whole organisation. Individuals could identify any issues, at any point with the restructuring programme. Once identified, the responsible manager or line manager would deal with the issue. If required, an issue could be escalated to high level through steering committees for example. Alignments between, operational business, programme delivery and benefit achievement, demonstrated clear ownership and responsibility of the programme (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, issue management procedures could be reduced, as the result of effective communication forums and clear governance routes (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, the delivery of the restructuring programme within, target timescales, benefits and customer service constraints demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach (Wilkinson, 2010). Health and Safety Strategy Premier Foods, employed 16,000 employees across 60 manufacturing sites and they recognise that our employees are our single most valuable asset and we strive to be an employer of choice in areas which we operate (Premier Foods, 2010). Health and safety was a critical aspect in the programme, ensuring a safer manufacturing environment and safety improvements within plant and machinery. Strict guidelines were put in place and key initiatives were presented to line managers in workshops to ensure that risk assessment and risk management initiatives were enforced throughout the company. Value Engineering Approach The value engineering approach was utilised throughout project delivery dates, operational design and high safety food standards. By scrutinising the entire project build i.e. capital costs, then positive decisions could be made. Likewise, a change control mechanism was in place to acquire a cycle of positive feedback. Therefore, changes could be made prior to management decisions. Feedback from the value engineering approach was shared across the entire restructuring programme, in the ability to deliver efficiencies i.e. value for money. PROJECT RISKS Human Physical Impacts As quoted by the Boston Consulting Group (2010), Premier Foods restructuring strategy was one of the largest and most complex restructuring of food manufacturing in the UK. Risks are inevitable with a restructuring strategy the size of Premier Foods and precautions need to be put in place to counteract any eventualities. To begin, risks begin with the agreement of all the key stakeholders within the company. If by any means the stakeholders were unable to come to a unanimous decision, then the entire restructuring process could be in jeopardy. The key to its success would be to present an excellent business case, identifying the key drivers and reasons behind the change. Whenever there are redundancies, it can be a devastating blow to the surrounding area, local economy and families. It may happen because a work place is closing down or because few employees are needed for work of a particular kind (Holland, et al, 2008). In this instance, part of Premier Foods restructuring programme involved closing eight manufacturing sites and distributing current food categories over five existing sites. Senior Management closed a site based upon a number of factors i.e. site throughput. The aim was to improve productivity, lower costs and increase profits. Nevertheless, redundancies were inevitable at this point and the key was to maintain the companies reputation to avoid scrutiny. A reputation of a company is its important and valuable asset. A positive one may bring many benefits to a company, when a negative one may significantly harm it (Westcott, 2005). Although it was a devastating blow, the company would have to ensure all employees were treated in the best possible interests. Fortunately, the company offered generous redundancy packages and liaised with the local councils to ensure all redundant employees would have help getting back into employment. Once the workforce has been restructured, logistics and the redistribution of resources are crucial. The overall business challenge was to redistribute; 1500 products, 2000 materials, build new facilities, transfer 51 manufacturing lines, put a 2.5 million pallet stock build in place to maintain customer supply and complete 1800 line trial activities (Premier Foods, 2010). Besides this, the company needed to maintain both the company image and the customer service performance of a demanding business. Keeping the consumer supplied was at foremost importance, as there was the possibility of loosing contracts with some of Britains major brand stockists i.e. Tesco, ASDA, Sainsburys. As well as ensuring the survival of major cultural brands that have been produce for generations i.e. Hovis. Likewise, due to the rapid growth of the company, individuals and manufacturing sites that were affected by the restructuring programme had very different cultures. Cultural Impacts Culture, is seen as a pattern of beliefs and expectation that are shared by an organisations members (Schwartz, et al, 1981). These factors tend to produce norms which, powerfully shape the behaviour of individuals and groups in the organisation (Schwartz, et al, 1981). Culture, intends to concentrate upon the nature of these expectations. Taking Premier Foods into context, the individuals involved have been told various incentives which are behind the grocery divisions restructuring process. Therefore, the company have the responsibility to deliver their business strategy and individuals are right to dispute whether company expectations are being met i.e. Do they promise what they wish to deliver in the short-term and long term future? There is the risk that Premier Foods simply do not deliver and again, elements including corporate image could be affected. Likewise, the individual and manufacturing sites involved, originated from different work backgrounds. There were different levels of understanding in both project and programme management processes. Although, its good when an organisation is built around people who have different ethics i.e. the ability to share ideas to improve an organisations structure, the problem is getting everyone to agree upon a particular thing and ensuring people work upon a standard level. The key is to ensure everyone has good understanding of both principles, to ensure the restructuring programme is at minimum risk as possible. If not, then conflicts can arise (behavioural factors) and the restructuring programme could have major issues. Generally, it doesnt work if one individual has a strong understanding in one area and a weak understanding in another. Other Potential Risks The organisational restructuring programme was also surrounded by other critical integration projects, which were being implemented at the same time. Some of these included the integration of key administrative functions i.e. Human Resources and Finance. In the marketplace, the company itself faced soaring food cost inflations, as well as the impact of a major economic recession. Human and physical resources were thinly spread and significantly challenged during this tense period. In other words, it was either make or break time and fortunately, the gamble succeeded in the end. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary On a generic scale, the implementation of the entire restructuring programme was a complete success, taking the size and complexity of the programme into consideration. From research, the author identified the main critical elements for change. To begin, the author believes that Premier Foods wishes to be the leading competitor in the UK food market, to compete with other competitors. Once this is established, there maybe future business development plans to expand and compete with the European Food Market or on an International Scale. However, current infrastructure could not cope with future expansion and therefore, major internal reform was needed to improve the quality of food produced, the quantity of food produced and overall manufacturing costs. Although there were harsh reforms in the workforce for example, this allowed the company to focus on long-term developments and improve profits. In the short-term, this allows major shareholders to gain a healthy return in investments and can continue to provide investments for the future. Recommendations Taking the following into contention, no major improvements are needed. The Premier Foods restructuring programme demonstrates high professionalism, within a large strategic scale. All project delivery points were delivered on time and within budget. Although, a possible thought to consider is cultural differences. Current levels of project and programme management were at different levels between individuals and the manufacturing sites involved. Offering solutions that allow everyone to have the same level of knowledge may be advantageous. Nevertheless, its good when people have different ranges of knowledge and experience. This allows people to express their own interpretations, leading to new ideas. REFERENCES Boston Consulting Group (2010) Premier Foods. Available at: http://www.bcg.com/2010. 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